The aging North American wind energy market is costing the industry $3 billion to $4 billion annually in operations and maintenance (O&M) expenses, claims a new benchmarking study from IHS Markit.
IHS Markit estimates total O&M spending for the wind energy sector will exceed $40 billion, cumulatively, from 2015 to 2025. The firm notes that the U.S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics is also keen on the potential for employment in the sector; it estimates wind energy technicians will be the fastest-growing occupation and will more than double in demand during the next seven years.
“The average age of the North American wind fleet will rise from 5.5 years in 2015 to seven years in 2020 and to 14 years in 2030,” says Maxwell Cohen, senior research analyst at IHS Markit.
Cohen and Ryan Siavelis, senior research analyst at IHS Markit are co-authors of the “2017 IHS Markit Wind O&M Benchmarking in North America: Summary of Key Findings.”
The report comprises data from nearly 300 wind projects, representing 30 GW of capacity and nearly 20,000 turbines installed in North America (about one-third of the market). Project start dates range from 1994 to 2016. The data represents more than 115,000 turbine-years of operational history and includes information on wind turbines manufactured by more than 15 OEMs.
“Though it may seem counterintuitive, first-year start-up costs are quite expensive as problems with new equipment are addressed; then, as projects age, we see a spike in costs for equipment maintenance at about the five-year mark through to 10 years of operation,” Cohen says. “Some wind installations in California date back to the 1980s, so you have a wide variety of equipment and installations, and there is a real need for some comparative analysis to help the industry assess and manage operations and maintenance costs.”
Currently, according to the report, more than 50,000 utility-scale wind turbines comprising nearly 100 GW of generating capacity are installed in 42 U.S. states and 12 Canadian provinces and territories, and they have an average age of six years. By the year 2030, IHS Markit expects those numbers to increase significantly: More than 70,000 wind turbines will generate more than 150 GW of power in the U.S. and Canada.
“The age of that capacity in 2030 will make the O&M business very lucrative, which is why so many players are expanding into this sector of the business,” says Siavelis. “We see new entrants from across the value chain competing for wind O&M service agreements. Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) including Suzlon, Siemens Gamesa, MHI and Vestas are becoming more active in offering to service turbines manufactured by other OEMs, for example.”
Suzlon and MHI, which have both shuttered U.S. manufacturing, says IHS Market, are re-focusing in the U.S. as service companies for their respective installed wind turbines, as well as for other OEMs. In 2015, E.ON Climate & Renewables, a wind independent power producer (IPP), launched a business serving turbines owned by others, following in the footsteps of EDF RE and Duke.
“These IPPs are tapping project administration and balance of plant (BOP) experience to capture new deals,” Siavelis says.
O&M costs are lowest in the first year of operation, but only slightly, the report says. During the first 10 years of a wind turbine’s operations, costs average between $42,000 and $48,000 per megawatt, IHS Markit says. There is, however, a great range of costs from project to project; age, location, and O&M strategy are all important factors.
As projects continue to age, direct O&M costs (the direct cost of actually maintaining the turbines) increase while indirect costs (e.g., general site administration and other business services) remain steady or even decline – leading to mostly stable total costs on net, according to the report. However, Cohen says a wide variation in costs exists for wind projects depending on size of the installation; equipment used; and whether maintenance costs are managed by the OEMs, independent service providers (ISPs) or operators themselves.
The median O&M cost for a project with a full-wrap warranty was slightly more than $48,000 per MW per year in 2016, according to the study. After the warranty period, the median costs for projects maintained by OEMs and ISPs were nearly the same, while the median cost for projects moved in-house was 19% lower.
IHS Markit says the study indicates that substantial cost-savings can typically be obtained by switching to self-performance, but the authors caution that the data used in this study is weighted toward large owners that are experienced in self-performance of maintenance.
“Performing their own O&M can be risky for owners who do not have a track record of conducting maintenance,” Cohen says. “These turbines are massive, complicated machines, containing thousands of parts perched 25 stories or higher above ground. Our study found that one-quarter of all turbines’ gearboxes need replacement during just the first decade of operations. Owners that perform their own O&M need to coordinate labor, spare parts and cranes for this sort of complicated turbine maintenance, all while minimizing turbine downtime. These owners may have projects using turbines built in different years by different OEMs that are spread all across North America in remote locations, so doing their own O&M is a major undertaking.”
Contracting with an ISP can provide greater flexibility, but the report finds that ISPs have a mixed record when it comes to cost-savings. ISPs, IHS Markit says, have a long tail of projects in the bottom quartile in terms of cost-savings, and owners should note that savings may not be as great as expected in low-performing projects.
“The key here is that there is no one-size-fits-all strategy for wind operators,” Cohen concludes. “Our goal was to provide a comprehensive assessment of the entire O&M market so wind asset owners can select the O&M strategy that best balances cost, convenience and risk profile for their particular portfolios of wind projects.”
